Ethical decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical decision making - Essay Example In individualism approach that course of action is moral which would provide maximum individual benefit. According to this approach moral course of action would promote the best long term interest of the individual (Salisbury University, Ethics and Social Responsibility). In this case if Antonio takes the entire matter from Kevin and deal with it by himself, it would definitely provide maximum benefit for him in the long run. Apparently it might not seem to be the best option as Antonio might lose his job in the process. But if he could manage the situation it would definitely prove that he has strong principles and managerial skills. This would certainly be beneficial for him in the long run. Even if he loses this job, he can represent this incident as an example of strong ethics and principles in future. 2) If I would have been in the position of Antonio, I would have chosen the third option which is mentioned above. If decision is taken realistically then suppressing the entire matter would provide the best result in the short term. This decision would have been at the conventional level of moral development, because in conventional level decisions or actions are taken by comparing overall views on that action in the society. There are several important reasons behind this. First of all this is information age, as a result if any organization really want to know about the past experience of any candidate, it can easily do that despite of all the attempts of hiding information from candidate’s end.

The ethics of Aristotle Essay Example for Free

The ethics of Aristotle Essay Philosophers live and encourage others to live according to the rules of practical wisdom. Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and Emmanuel Levinas were three philosophers who sorted out various ethical approaches. They investigated complex human actions and theorized what is the ethical thing to do. For instance, Aristotle contemplated the aim of human life, Kant observed duty and obligation from respect for the law, and Levinas examined ones responsibility to the Other. These unique points of view offer different answers regarding the search for the good. In addition to their differences, these philosophers are bound together by similar ideas. For example, each of the philosophers believed in optimism they thought that all humans are naturally ethical. In addition, each of the philosophers believed in using reason to be ethical. They emphasized the concept of living well and acting well by using virtuous habits and good character to reach the good. Furthermore, they all believed in self actualization in other words, ethically being the best one can be. They all thought an ethical person must be rational and responsible for their actions. They proposed that each person has a duty towards others and society. Aristotle lived during the B.C. era and established the concept of teleological ethics. This means that ethics has a purpose or a reason. He stressed the concept of doctrine of the mean maintaining balance in ones actions. Additionally, he theorized the idea of developing virtuous habits to build good character as well as that happiness is the main goal of all human beings. He explained how reaching ones potential by living well and acting well will ultimately lead to happiness. Moreover, he stated one should base ones actions on reason and he introduced the concept that reason controls desire. Immanuel Kant was a philosopher who lived the majority his life in the 1700s. He believed that an individual should use God, freedom, and immortality to be able to pursue and attain the supreme good. He also believed in deontological ethics, meaning it is ones obligation and duty to do what is right. Kant said that an individual must use intellect, free will, and reason to carry out this duty. He is similar to Aristotle because likewise, he believed that it is ideal for all people to act in an ethical  manner by using reason. However, unlike Aristotle, Kant believed one must act ethically as an individual autonomy for the good of society. He said that one must use reason and free will to carry out ones duty and moral obligation to do good. He stressed the concept of not expecting to gain anything in return while performing ethical tasks even though one might not like it one should act ethically out of the goodness in ones heart. On the other hand, Aristotle believed one should act ethically as part of a community based on politics. He also expected a benefit in return, contrary to Kant. Aristotle said that it is ideal to achieve a reasonable means in ethics, and he expected to gain something like happiness for instance in return. Also, contrary to Aristotles theory, Kants theory proposes that it is not very possible to achieve the supreme good in ones lifetime. He suggested that humans must achieve this good in a life after death. This proves that their theories regarding how to achieve the supreme good differ considerably. Emmanuel Levinas was a Jewish philosopher of the 20th century. He observed that the West focused on the Unity of Beings, not the Hebrew infinity. The Hebrew Infinity focuses on uniqueness and singularity of things which gives them identity. Levinas based his ethics on this concept. Levinas believed one encounters the good or God in all individuals or in creation. He said one needs to recognize these traces, accept them, and respond to them. He talked about the thrill of astonishment, which is a face to face experience that touches one deeply. Additionally, he suggested that the face of the stranger (the Other) demands that you recognize it and provide it hospitality. Thus, the face becomes ethical. He had this whole idea of promoting freedom rather than limiting it. He believed that the face is a trace of God that refuses to use power. Instead, the face calls one to be responsible by humbly beckoning those that passes by. Kant also had similar theories as Levinas because both of them emphasized that God is necessary for a person to act ethically. In other words, they included God in their search for the good. Kant believed one cannot do this without God, whereas Levinas believed humans are motivated by God to do good. With the concept of the Other, Levinas suggested that humans have a responsibility to respond with caring and compassion. Similarly, Kant also believed in caring and  compassion because he believed in the Universal Law if it is an act that is good for everyone, then it is good for an individual. It is evident that Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and Emmanuel Levinas were three philosophers who sorted out various ethical approaches that aided them in their search for the good. Despite the fact that they have several similar theories, each philosopher has many unique theories that will continue to help future generations learn to live ethically and to ultimately achieve the greater good.

Ancient Greece :: Ancient Greece Essays

Ancient Greece Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greek peninsula has been culturally linked with the Aegean Islands, and the west coast of Asia Minor since the Neolithic Age. The numerous natural harbors and close-lying islands lead to a unified, maritime civilization. However cultural unity did not produce political unity. Mountain ranges and deep valleys separated the peninsula into small economic and political units. Constant feuding between cities and surrounding empires for political power made Greece the sight of many battles. Prehistoric Period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archeological evidence shows that a primitive Mediterranean people, closely related to races of northern Africa, lived in the southern Aegean area as far back as the Neolithic Age. A cultural progression from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age started about 3000 BC. This civilization, during the Bronze Age was divided into two main cultures. One on these, called Cretan or Minoan was centered on the island of Crete. The other culture, Helladic (who became Mycenaean) populated mainland Greece. The Minoan culture dominated trade until 1500 BC when the Mycenaeans took control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the third millennium BC a series of invasions from the north began. The most prominent of the early invaders, who were called the Achaeans, had, in all probability, been forced to migrate by other invaders. They overran southern Greece and established themselves on the Peloponnesus. Many other, vaguely defined tribes, were assimilated in the Helladic culture. Ancient Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gradually, in the last period of Bronze Age Greece, the Minoan civilization fused with the mainland. By 1400 BC the Achaeans were in possession of the island itself, and soon afterward gained control of the mainland. The Trojan War, described by Homer in the Iliad, began about 1200 BC and was probably one of a series of wars waged during the 12th and 13th centuries BC. It may have been connected with the last and most important of the invasions which happened at about the same time and brought the Iron Age to Greece. The Dorians left the mountains of Epirus and pushed their way down to Peloponnesus and Crete, using iron weapons to conquer the people of those regions. The Invading Dorians overthrew Achaean kings and settled in the southern and eastern part of the peninsula. The Hellenic Period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the great migrations in the Aegean, the Greek developed a proud racial consciousness. They Called themselves Hellenes. The term Greeks, used by foreign peoples, was derived from Graecia, the Latin for a small Hellenic tribe of Epirus, the first Hellenes that the Romans had dealings with. Out of the mythology that became the basis of an intricate religion, the Hellenes developed a genealogy that traced their ancestry to semidivine heroes. Ancient Greece :: Ancient Greece Essays Ancient Greece Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greek peninsula has been culturally linked with the Aegean Islands, and the west coast of Asia Minor since the Neolithic Age. The numerous natural harbors and close-lying islands lead to a unified, maritime civilization. However cultural unity did not produce political unity. Mountain ranges and deep valleys separated the peninsula into small economic and political units. Constant feuding between cities and surrounding empires for political power made Greece the sight of many battles. Prehistoric Period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archeological evidence shows that a primitive Mediterranean people, closely related to races of northern Africa, lived in the southern Aegean area as far back as the Neolithic Age. A cultural progression from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age started about 3000 BC. This civilization, during the Bronze Age was divided into two main cultures. One on these, called Cretan or Minoan was centered on the island of Crete. The other culture, Helladic (who became Mycenaean) populated mainland Greece. The Minoan culture dominated trade until 1500 BC when the Mycenaeans took control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the third millennium BC a series of invasions from the north began. The most prominent of the early invaders, who were called the Achaeans, had, in all probability, been forced to migrate by other invaders. They overran southern Greece and established themselves on the Peloponnesus. Many other, vaguely defined tribes, were assimilated in the Helladic culture. Ancient Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gradually, in the last period of Bronze Age Greece, the Minoan civilization fused with the mainland. By 1400 BC the Achaeans were in possession of the island itself, and soon afterward gained control of the mainland. The Trojan War, described by Homer in the Iliad, began about 1200 BC and was probably one of a series of wars waged during the 12th and 13th centuries BC. It may have been connected with the last and most important of the invasions which happened at about the same time and brought the Iron Age to Greece. The Dorians left the mountains of Epirus and pushed their way down to Peloponnesus and Crete, using iron weapons to conquer the people of those regions. The Invading Dorians overthrew Achaean kings and settled in the southern and eastern part of the peninsula. The Hellenic Period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the great migrations in the Aegean, the Greek developed a proud racial consciousness. They Called themselves Hellenes. The term Greeks, used by foreign peoples, was derived from Graecia, the Latin for a small Hellenic tribe of Epirus, the first Hellenes that the Romans had dealings with. Out of the mythology that became the basis of an intricate religion, the Hellenes developed a genealogy that traced their ancestry to semidivine heroes.

Nike Case Study Essay

The Nike Sweatshop DebateShould Nike be held responsible for working conditions in foreign factories that it does not own, but where subcontractors make products for Nike?Nike is definitely not only responsible but also accountable for the working conditions of foreign factories that it does not own which it subcontracts with. Nike should have taken the initiative to be responsible of the contractors/employees working in other countries on a global scale. For example: Recently, Pepsi Cola was in the news for allegations of having pesticides in their drink products in India. Pepsi ensured that it was not just meeting standards in the Indian Market, but has the same standards of water purification across the world. Pepsi was found in a similar situation such as Nike, they should have realized that even though they were getting cheap labor in other countries that they needed to be socially responsible to ensure that the workers get minimum wages and work in conditions that are acceptabl e on a global scale. What labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, and the like should Nike hold foreign factories to: those prevailing in that country, or those prevailing in the United States?Nike needs to adopt a policy for its overseas operations which will allow them to enjoy the cost advantages that they are realizing by off shoring manufacturing of shoes, yet which will give them the integrity of being a humanitarian company. For example, if Nike adopts the normal standards in the country of manufacturing then it is not able to comply with some of the human rights related issues that global organizations should comply with. Thus, it is very important that Nike adopts a series of standards that ensures that workers get at least the minimum wages in the respective country but the working conditions should be acceptable enough for workers to work and the minimum age limit of workers should also be enforced strictly. An income of $2.28 a day, the base pay of Nike Factory workers in Indonesia, is double the daily income of about half the working population. Half of all adults in Indonesia are farmers, who receive less than $1 a day. Given this, is it correct to criticize Nike for the low pay rates of its subcontractors in Indonesia?Each country has their own which is regulated by the labor laws in each country. Daily rates are different according to the skill of  workers, type of city the worker lives and works in and the prices of essential commodities in the city and state. For example, the daily wage of workers in factories manufacturing Nike shoes may be higher than farmers in the same city and or state. If Nike’s contractors are not abiding by the minimum wage regulations for the type of skill and working conditions in which these workers work in, then Nike should be reprimanded and fined on the global scale. Yet, should Nike’s contractors obey the minimum wage regulations set by the government according to a workers skills and working conditions, then Nike cannot be condemned or criticized and comparing wages of one set of workers with another set of workers would be irrelevant. Could Nike have handled the negative publicity over sweatshops better? What might it have done differently, not just from a public relations perspective, but also from a policy perspective?From a policy perspective, Nike could have handled the negative publicity over sweatshops much better. Nike could have enforced policies for all the contractors who are manufacturing either shoes or apparels for Nike across countries to obey the local rules and also could have created some better policies that would apply to all the factories that manufacture Nike’s products. In a good faith effort, Nike should have published the names of all the contractors across countries that obeyed the local working regulations, conditions and wages. Nike could have demanded that the local labor inspectors in different countries do an audit of their factories on a regular basis to ensure that contractors comply with the local laws in their respective countries so that the people working there would be safe and fairly treated. Do you think Nike needs to make any changes to its current policy? If so what? Should Nike make changes even if they hinder the ability of the company to compete?Nike should adopt policies which work across the globe where their factories and workers are concerned. They need to ensure that all their contractors obey both the wage regulations and local working conditions in all countries. Nike can ensure this either by designating a labor inspector in each of their regions whom will report the details of all the workers working in their factories to a local, regional, national, and international board. This report would be submitted to legal experts at the  country level and worldwide level to ensure that all the laws are in compliance by contractors of Nike. Is the WRC right to argue that the FLA is a tool of industry?Nike factories were found to be incompliant with the WRC as they found some policies which were not being followed in Nike’s factories. WRC give ample time to FLA to see that all Nike factories are compliant with the local labor laws in their countries. WRC should routinely audit some of Nike’s factories which FLA has deemed as compliant with local labor laws to ensure that it is not a tool of the industry. If sweatshops are a global problem, what might be a global solution to this problem?Bottom line is that companies should be held responsible for adhering to local, national, and international laws concerning the working conditions of people across the globe. Next summarize the strategic and operational challenges facing global managers illustrated in your selected case. Also comment on recent global developments affecting the company in this case. Strategic Challenges†¢Identifying low cost countries for cost effectiveness while still adhering to regulations governing working conditions and wages. †¢Ensuring that consumers can get the same quality of product form anywhere across the globe. †¢Letting the world know what the company is doing to ensure that its contractors and subcontractors are compliant with Nike’s policies. Operational Challenges†¢Ensuring the same training and development of employees across regions, nations and the globe. †¢Ensuring that each manufacturing plant has similar working conditions across the globe. †¢Ensuring that every worker receives fair wages across the globe. References Hill, Charles W.L. (2005). International Business: Competing in the global marketplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Reflective Practice Essay

1. Understand how to reflect on practice in adult social care 1.1 Reflective practice is the ability to constantly monitor one’s own performance in a given role and make adjustments where necessary. For me as carer, reflective practice is particularly important because no two cases will ever be the same and it is vitally important to remain reactive and reflective at all times. Reflective practice has been demonstrated to have significant benefits when it comes to the delivery of person centred care, and can help me to ensure that I am able to accurately assess the needs of each resident as an individual rather than as a case number to be merely care for. With reflective practice widely regarded as one of the most important elements of modern care work, it is essential that all care workers become familiar with reflective practice methods. 1.2 Reflective practise is important because it helps me develop and imrpove my practise by thinking about what am I doing. It is about thinking hings over. It can help me to understand feelings and the wider issues involved. By reflecting on events it can allow me to make sense of something that has happened or been said and and possibly see the meaning and reason behind someone else’s actions or words. By reflecting on our own actions we are able to see areas where we could improve, change strategies or actions. It is great tool to aid our learning. This is explained by ,,Kolb’s learning theory’’. David Kolb proposed a 4-stage experiental learning cycle that applies to all learners. He sugested that immediate or concrete experiences provide a basis for observation and reflection. 1.3 It is my responsibility to ensure my knowledge and skills ate up to date. It is important to regulary attend training. Legislations and procedures are constanly changing and it is important to maintain my knowledge and keep it current. The GSCC code of practise states that carers should: – Be accountable for quality of their work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills – Undertake relevant  training to maintain and improve their knowledge and skills + contribute to the learning and development of others. – Seek assistance from employer o appropriate authority if there is any doubt about how to proceed in work matter. 1.4 Beliefs systems can be method for understanding, organising and making sense of the world around us. By exploring our own peronal values and beliefs we are able to understand our own individual perspectives of life and world around us. As a care assistant I need to be careful not to impose my own values upon the service user. I can easily fail to recognise service user’s rights to their own standards and beliefs because I held too rigidly to my own beliefs. There may be many differences between my values and standards and service user’s such as: – Having a bath only once a week – Different sexual preferences – Wearing thick, winter clothes in summer – Refusing medication†¦ Im responsible for providing an equal, not discriminatory and inclusive service to all service users no matter what how different are their values from mines. 2. Understand the importance of feedback in improving own practice 2.1 Constructive feedback should include both positive feedback and opportunities for development. Giving both positive and negative feedback enables others to fully understand the impact of what it is they are doing, so that they can continue the effective and correct the ineffective. Feedback is intended to improve an individual’s contribution and develop better staff morale. When feedback is given constructively, people will often respond positively. After all, most people are keen to improve. However, because feedback can be seen as criticism, they sometimes react by: – trying to defend themselves – choosing not to hear what is said – selective reception – doubting the motives of the person giving feedback – denying the validity of the feedback – rationalising why they behaved the way they did – making excuses for their behaviour Because of this, careful consideration needs to be given to how feedback is delivered, making it positive and helpful. 2.2 Feedback is important because: – sets up target and the person knows what to improve on – gets the person motivated and focused – help identify weaknesses and strengths – express and stress what is important to the organisation and the job and hence what the person concerned should prioritise – builds moral and relationship between examiner and worker (depending on how the feedback is given and what sort of work culture there is), in turn, this builds on the credibility of the feedback – induces competition and challenge – a form of motivation – encourages a learning environment, as oppose to a win-lose performance environment – encourages initiatives and ‘risk’/taking chances  confident. I asked her everything I wasn’t sure about and explained to her my feelings. Supervision and feedback is very useful and help me to improve my practise. Informal: should be given to me by my service users, colleagues of family members. It can be just a little comment about my-self, about work I am doing. I always need to be ready to listen. Who can give me better feedback on my work if not my service users? If I’m not sure if I’m doing my job properly, I can always ask my customers. I can prepare a box and tell them to write comments on my work. Then I should read it carefully and apply it in my work. 3. Understand how a personal development plan can contribute to own learning and development 3.1 A personal development plan is a tool that helps one to organise their life activities in terms of certain objectives. It can constitute of personal or professional goals or both e.g. goals on career, relationships, education and health. It is advantageous as one can transform their goals into an achievement. Components may include: – Objectives: What do I want to be able to do or do better? – Actions: What methods will I use to achieve my learning objectives? – Success criteria: How will I recognise success? How will I review and measure my improvement? – Achievement date: When do I expect to achieve my objectives? – Implementation: How will I practise and apply what I learn? 3.2 Everyone should have their own personal development plan. This should be an up to date record showing trainings attended and any training and development needs identified. These needs should have been identified by my-self, my manager or assessor. During my I work I can find out that I need more training in administration of medication, my manger can feel that I need some more training in moving and handling due new equipment need to be used in my workplace. Also my assessor can realise during y supervision that my health and safety training needs to be up dated. This is all kind of support for me in planning and reviewing my development plan. I can also learn from observing more experienced colleagues, working and discussing  issues as a team, reading books/newspaper or searching for support on internet. 3.3 Others may include: – The individual: my service users have the most important role in my personal development because they are the ones I am doing it for. To provide the best care and support for them. Their reactions on my work, satisfaction/ not satisfaction will show me where the gaps are or what my strengths are. – Carers /colleagues: Because my work is mostly teamwork my colleagues play an important role in my personal development plan. Working in team improves my communication skills, common sense†¦ If I find out that I am a role model for one of my colleagues I should know I do my job well. – Supervisor/ line manager: my manger is here to support me with all my needs, doubts and questions. By observing me she can find areas in my work which needs developing so she can provide training for me. – NVQ assessor: comes to observe me and helps me with my work. By observing and working with me she can find gaps in my knowledge and advise me where to find information to develop my skills. 3.4 Benefits of PDP to professional life – Clearer ideas about the kind of life and work I want. – Greater confidence in the choices I make. – Greater confidence in the skills, qualities and attributes I bring to the career of my choice. – Being in a better position to compete for jobs. – Being better able to discuss my skills, personal qualities and competences with employers. – Better problem-solving and planning skills. – Developing the positive attitudes and approaches associated with successful professional life. Many employers now expect employees to understand their own performance – and to know how to adapt to meet times of increased workload, stressful situations or conditions of change. Employees are expected to respond well to change. Whilst some employers offer training, it is more typical for employers to expect graduates to arrive ready to manage both their own performance and the performance of other people. Time devoted to understanding what influences your own performance can be very well spent. It is also important to be aware of how your behaviour affects other people. Employees are often expected to show personal commitment to their continuous professional development (CPD), actively seeking out information, training and events that will keep their skills and knowledge up-to-date. Knowing how to learn, and how you learn best, will be invaluable in the work place. Benefits of PDP to personal life – A better understanding of myself – Being in a better position to make appropriate choices to meet my aspirations. – Greater awareness of my needs and how to meet these. – Greater awareness of the unique contribution I can make. – Developing a positive, forward-looking approach.

Explore the presentation of authority and inferiority in The Tempest Essay Example

Explore the presentation of authority and inferiority in The Tempest Essay Example Explore the presentation of authority and inferiority in The Tempest Essay Explore the presentation of authority and inferiority in The Tempest Essay Essay Topic: The Tempest The presentation of authority and inferiority is displayed in many different ways throughout, The Tempest. Authority is presented as being based on a variety of features. For example, social status, knowledge and magic all figure prominently. The balance of powers shifts quickly as authority is displayed in a complex manner. It refers to being powerful and conveys the traits of the characters. The authority is unbalanced and doesnt have as much of an affect, as it should do. In the Tempest there is a discord between those in authority and those in inferiority. Take in context the Boatswain, he doesnt show any deference to the noblemen: Do you not hear him? You mar our labour. Keep your cabins! Here the punctuation indicates that the Boatswains tone is inappropriate. The use of the exclamation mark indicates that he is shouting abruptly at a person of higher social rank. It is inappropriate to talk to people with higher authority. Also, he asks Antonio a rhetorical question, which doesnt need an answer. This emphasizes further inappropriateness tone, which suggests that authority is easily lost and unstable. The boatswain shows signs of disrespect to characters with social authority by saying; You mar our labour the manner is quite abrupt and rude in the sense that he blatantly doesnt show any respect at all for the courtiers. Authority is achieved in The Tempest through the use of cunning and manipulation. Antonio uses various cunning methods to persuade and manipulate Sebastian into killing the King: Thou lets thy fortune sleep die, rather, winkst whiles thou art walking. The imagery used in the language personifies that the human status will raise level of impatience, fortune sleep also the grammar shows the relationship between die and sleep. The dash indicates a pause, engages the readers attention. It also shows Antonio changing his mind, to emphasize on the fact that the chance will be lost to kill the king. Furthermore the vocabulary shows a manipulative tone by suggesting that it is fortunes wish that they take this opportunity fortune to kill the king; in addition the association of eye movement sees the opportunity. The semi-colon links the two ideas together, which accentuates that, hes missing out on a golden opportunity. In contrast authority is also presented as something that is accepted. Caliban is an example of this, when he comes across Trinculo and Stephano he immediately asks them to be his masters, by saying that he has given away his authority and has immediately asked to be inferior: Ill show thee every fertile inch otheisland, and I will kiss thy foot. I prithee, be my god. The desperation of Caliban is immediately seen in the quote when he emphasizes that hell show the entire land and he will kiss their feet. The vocabulary illustrates the desperation and extreme anxiety of a needed master. In addition it also has a hyperbole, be my god he over exaggerates by saying he wants Trinculo and Stephano to be his Gods. This shows that Caliban has no desire to be an authorative figure; he has accepted his position in the social hierarchy. On the other hand, the reason for their acceptance is because they are going to be liberated, example Ariel. Ariel knows that he will once again be free by doing as his master says. We know this as Prosper once saved Ariels life and Ariel now has to correspond with the master to be liberated. Is there more toil? Since thou dost give me pains, Let me remember thee what thou promised, Which is not yet performed me As you can see, Ariel asks a rhetorical question which doesnt need answering, as he already knows the answer to it. In addition, the vocabulary advocates that he is tired of doing errands for Prospero. Also he reminds him of his promise, which shows how desperate he is for his liberation. The punctuation has use of commas that try to persuade him by saying, Let me remember thee.. this conveys us that he is trying to remind Prospero his promise and emphasizes his aspirations of being free, by reminding him what thou promised. Therefore Ariel knows in the long run his reward will come for doing various errands for the master. However, authority is based on knowledge it is the quintessential element of power. Prospero is the ideal character with knowledge and shows this throughout The Tempest. He is the antagonist with immense amount of power various amount of power from persuasion, magic and knowledge from books. An example of this is: If thou more murmurst, I will rend an oak, And peg thee in his knotty entrails, till Thou has howled away twelve winters. Prospero shows that he has the power to do anything. He threatens Ariel to do as he says or Ariel will pay the consequences by being put inside an oak tree. The vocabulary is strong, I will rend an oak a strong suggestion of eagerness to fulfil his words with actions also there is seriousness in his tone which might seem as though he is exaggerating Thou has howled away twelve winters, if there is a murmur from Ariel. Furthermore there is a break in speech with the use of a comma, which reinforces and links the idea of being exiled into an oak tree for twelve winters the authority over Ariel is just a part of Prosperos knowledge: Knowing I loved my books, he furnished me From mine own library with volumes that I prize above my dukedom From this we learn how educated Prospero is and we can blatantly see that he has a vast knowledge over many volumes where he gained his knowledge and power. There is an emphasis that he had his own library, with various volumes that he could prize upon. In contrast, we see how it is to be inferior take in Miranda for consideration she is the daughter of Prospero. Now Prospero has immense amounts of power so you would expect the same off Miranda, but in fact it is quite the opposite. Miranda doesnt have any of the quintessential prowesses to be an authoritive figure she is weak, flaccid and doesnt carry the wide amounts of knowledge like her father, she hardly has any knowledge of the outside world which makes her vulnerable this enables people to take advantage of her or to guide her through a black path since she is blinded with her lack of knowledge she will follow anyone easily, for example falling in love with Ferdinand: As well as it does you; and I should do it With much more ease; for my good will is to it, And yours it is against. Here we can see that there is a lot of punctuation used, the semi-colons link the ideas together she wants to help but is told not too. She tries to use persuasion but as she hasnt much knowledge she is told to follow rules, ever since she was born. In addition, the tone is passive and weak she is helpless and cannot do what she wishes. Miranda is portrayed as an enthusiastic character but with insufficient knowledge and this becomes her downfall and makes her inferior. In conclusion the presentation of authority shows that in order to have authority and stabilise it you need to have knowledge and power to do so. Prospero is a perfect example as he shows he has immense amounts of authority by having magic and knowledge from books. However, authority is also illustrated as being unequal the King, being on top of the social hierarchy doesnt show any authority and if he tries it is dismissed. On the other hand inferiority is subjective as some people have accepted that they are inferior for example Caliban. However Ariel accepts this as he is going to get something out of it, freedom. I dont think you need to be on top of a social hierarchy to have authority you can gain it.

A Introduction to Sociology Statistics

A Introduction to Sociology Statistics Sociological research can have three distinct goals: description, explanation, and prediction. The description is always an important part of the research, but most sociologists attempt to explain and predict what they observe. The three research methods most commonly used by sociologists are observational techniques, surveys, and experiments. In each case, measurement is involved that yields a set of numbers, which are the findings, or data, produced by the research study. Sociologists and other scientists summarize data, find relationships between sets of data, and determine whether experimental manipulations have affected some variable of interest. The word statistics has two meanings: The field that applies mathematical techniques to the organizing, summarizing, and interpreting of data. The actual mathematical techniques themselves. Knowledge of statistics has many practical benefits. Even a rudimentary knowledge of statistics will make you better able to evaluate statistical claims made by reporters, weather forecasters, television advertisers, political candidates, government officials, and other persons who may use statistics in the information or arguments they present. Representation of Data Data are often represented in frequency distributions, which indicate the frequency of each score in a set of scores. Sociologists also use graphs to represent data. These include pie graphs, frequency histograms, and line graphs. Line graphs are important in representing the results of experiments because they are used to illustrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics summarize and organize research data. Measures of central tendency represent the typical score in a set of scores. The mode is the most frequently occurring score, the median is the middle score, and the mean is the arithmetic average of the set of scores. Measures of variability represent the degree of dispersion of scores. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores. The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean of the set of scores, and the standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Many kinds of measurements fall on a normal, or bell-shaped, curve. A certain percentage of scores fall below each point on the abscissa of the normal curve. Percentiles identify the percentage of scores that fall below a particular score. Correlational Statistics Correlational statistics assess the relationship between two or more sets of scores. A correlation may be positive or negative and vary from 0.00 to plus or minus 1.00. The existence of a correlation does not necessarily mean that one of the correlated variables causes changes in the other. Nor does the existence of a correlation preclude that possibility. Correlations are commonly graphed on scatter plots. Perhaps the most common correlational technique is Pearsons product-moment correlation. You square the Pearsons product-moment correlation to get the coefficient of determination, which will indicate the amount of variance in one variable accounted for by another variable. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics permit social researchers to determine whether their findings can be generalized from their samples to the populations they represent. Consider a simple investigation in which an experimental group that is exposed to a condition is compared with a control group that is not. For the difference between the means of the two groups to be statistically significant, the difference must have a low probability (usually less than 5 percent) of occurring by normal random variation. Sources: McGraw Hill. (2001). Statistics Primer for Sociology. mhhe.com/socscience/sociology/statistics/stat_intro.htm