Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton Environment Plays free essay sample

Often, writers find trouble expressing themselves in certain ways, so in this absence, they replace it with literary devices. The literary devices can range from similes, allusions, metaphors, and even the atmosphere. In Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton, the atmosphere is not limited to the weather, but also in the environment f the main characters household. Being described as cold and frosty, the environment plays a vital part in the plot line, and in the characters actions. As most stories, Ethan Frome starts out by setting up the environment. Winter shut down on Starkfield, and the village lay under a sheet of snow perpetually renewed from the pale skies, is a quote that right off the bat describes winter in Starkfield, Massachusetts, where the story takes place (Wharton 6). Winter and snow is often used when feelings of happiness may need to be expressed, but in this story, nd as one can see from the quote above, winter is a dread. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton: Environment Plays or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With utilizing words such as shut down and pale, Wharton establishes the thought of winter not being welcomed in Starkfield, Massachusetts (Wharton 6). The quote l had been struck by the contrast between the vitality of the climate and the deadness of the community connects the attitude of the community to the weather (Wharton 6). When winter is afoot in Starkfield, so is the depressing atmosphere the citizens of the town give off. The effect of winter seems to enhance the dreadfulness of certain characters state of inds as well. For example, Ethan and Zeena Frome, and Mattie Silver allow for winter to suffocate happiness from their household. The environment of the house is also present from the beginning of the story. On page 13, the narrator describes the house with the harsh truth; a flash of watery sunlight exposed the house on the slope above us in all its plaintive ugliness. While the house is ugly, it is also lacking a distinctive, architecture feature that preludes to foreshadowing. It is lacking the L, which is a roof in a shape of an L that connects eparate rooms of the house together. Lacking this piece of the building, results in the house giving Offa presence of coldness. The foreshadow that can come from this, is the fact that the environment inside the house is missing something that starts with an L; love. Love, which connects all kinds of people together, is not present in the household. Since it is not present, the environment of the household takes on the presence of the building; coldness. The atmosphere within the house is further isolated due to Ethans and his wife, Zeenas, actions. Only getting married because Ethan was atraid to be on his own, their relationship is lacking in several fields. When Zeena was struck with her numerous illnesses, they called for Mattie Silver, Zeenas cousin, to come and help with the housework. As soon as she came into the house, Ethan immediately became aware of the change she brought with her. He noted that the coming to his house of a bit of hopeful young life was like the lighting of a fire on a cold hearth (Wharton 22). Mattie, with her beauty and warm presence affects the environment of the ousehold in a way that Zeena never could. Because of this, Ethan found himself becoming attracted to her, resulting in conflict with his wife. While Ethans and Matties relationship is still budding, Zeena decides to leave the house for a night to go to another town to see a doctor. Immediately after she leaves, the environment of the house is uplifted. Ethans thoughts were positive as well; he had a confused sense of being in another world, where all was warmth and harmony (Wharton 57). With Zeena being absent from the house, Mattie filled her lace by taking on the role of being Ethans wife. Ethan realizes all that he missing out on with Zeena, and starts to dream about a whole new life, where Mattie is his wife, and the atmosphere in the household is forever warm and cheerful. He remarks upon the event by thinking their evening together had given him a vision of what life at her side might be, and he was glad now that he had done nothing to trouble the sweetness of the picture (Wharton 64). Thoughts such as these never occur about Zeena, and they disappear when she returns, as well as the warmth of the nvironment in the house. As soon as Zeena sets foot inside the house, all of the characters start to tiptoe around the elephant in the room. But that did not last long, for as soon as Zeena discovered that her wedding dish was broken, all hell broke loose. With the decision to send Mattie away, Zeena thought she won the battle. She did not, for instead of heading on the train home, Ethan and Mattie decided to attempt suicide, for they realized they would never be together. After nearly escaping death, the idea of sending Mattie away was never brought up again. Since this issue was never dealt with properly, the conflict between all the characters is still present. Also, the environment is as hostile as ever. A minor character sums up the atmosphere of the household years after the suicide attempt by saying and the way they are now, I dont sees theres much difference between the Fromes up at the farm and the Fromes down in the graveyard (Wharton 117). The environment of the house did not improve, but only got worse, since Mattie came. Overall, Ethans situation can represent a morality error; not confronting ones inner feelings. When one denies themselves that Joy, conflicts erupts. Because Ethan did not confront his true feelings, the atmosphere of not only the house, but of the story itself is eternally frosty, much like the weather of the Starkfield. The environment of the story also affects the actions of the characters to the point of self- destruction, literally. Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, portrays a conflict that is ever present for all societies, with results that establish a lesson well learned. Wharton, Edith. Ethan Frome and Related Readings. Evanson: McDougal Littell Inc. , 1997. print.

Study Guide for Shakespeares Sonnet 29

Study Guide for Shakespeare's Sonnet 29 Shakespeare’s Sonnet 29 is noted as a favorite with Coleridge. It explores the notion that love can cure all ills and make us feel good about ourselves. It demonstrates the strong feelings that love can inspire in us, both good and bad. Sonnet 29: The Facts Sequence: Sonnet 29 is part of the Fair Youth SonnetsKey Themes: Self-pity, self-hatred, love overcoming feelings of self-deprecation.Style: Sonnet 29 is written in iambic pentameter and follows the traditional sonnet form Sonnet 29: A Translation The poet writes that when his reputation is in trouble and he is failing financially; he sits alone and feels sorry for himself. When no one, including God, will listen to his prayers, he curses his fate and feels hopeless. The poet envies what others have achieved and wishes he could be like them or have what they have: Desiring this man’s heart and that man’s scope However, when in the depths of his despair, if he thinks of his love, his spirits are lifted: Haply I think on thee, and then my state,Like to the lark at break of day arising When he thinks of his love his mood is elevated to the heavens: he feels rich and wouldn’t change places, even with kings: For thy sweet love remembered such wealth bringsThat I scorn to change my state with kings. Sonnet 29: Analysis The poet feels awful and wretched and then thinks about his love and feels better. The sonnet is considered by many to be one of Shakespeare’s greatest. However, the poem has also been scorned for its lack of gloss and its transparency. Don Paterson author of Reading Shakespeare’s Sonnets refers to the sonnet as a duffer or fluff. He derides Shakespeare’s use of weak metaphors: â€Å"Like to the lark at break of day arising/ From sullen earth...† pointing out that the earth is only sullen to Shakespeare, not to the lark, and therefore the metaphor is a poor one. Paterson also points out that the poem does not explain why the poet is so miserable. It is up to the reader to decide whether this is important or not. We can all identify with feelings of self-pity and someone or something bringing us out of this state. As a poem, it holds its own. The poet demonstrates his passion, mainly for his own self-loathing. This may  be the poet internalizing his conflicting feelings towards the fair youth and projecting or crediting any feelings of self-worth and self-confidence onto him, attributing the fair youth with the ability to affect his image of himself.

Is global warming due to human actions Can the human race take action Research Paper

Is global warming due to human actions Can the human race take action to stop global warming - Research Paper Example From uncontrolled cutting of the trees and exaggerated burning of fossil fuels to release of poisonous gases in the atmosphere as a result of the industrial revolution, variations in climate extremes to shrinking extent of Arctic sea ice and rising sea levels, the issue of global warming has explicitly marred many potential positive aspects of life. This paper is primarily based on contemplating the ins and outs of the grave issue of global warming and its effects on a sustainable world. The discussion about if or if not there is any role played by humanity in increasing the incidence of global warming is also presented, while the existential possibility of any ways in which humans can or cannot acquire control over the grave consequences produced by this greatest environmental rival of all times also forms a part of the argument. Facts and discussion presented in this paper are meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"with the agricultural and industrial revolution, land-use change, and an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, the issue of global warming has regardless strengthened and acts like recycling, energy conservation, and tree plantation can help reduce this.† Beginning with discussing the definite impact created by global warming on the Earth both environmentally and geographically, it is worth mentioning that while the industrial revolution has helped the humanity by providing employment opportunities, it has also impacted the world environment in a highly deplorable way. Less reliance on energy consumption and increased burning of fossil fuels with industrial emissions which increases the CO2 gas concentration in the atmosphere have directly played a massive role in increasing the Earth’s temperature. The rate with which the human population has been increasing so tremendously over the past many years also adds to the severity of the issue of global warming because with an extraordinarily large hu man population, there seems to be no apparent end to the ongoing use of land, energy, and fossils, thus environmental scientists tend to be at loss of designing any useful strategy for acquiring a long-lasting control over this dramatic and urgent environmental emergency. Research studies mention that since the beginning of the industrial revolution, massive amounts of nitric oxide and carbon dioxide gas have been released in the atmosphere continuously due to which the global temperature is also on a constant rise with the result that the issue of global warming has unequivocally succeeded in influencing the Earth both environmentally and geographically in a way that no one can remain oblivious to it. Over the past many years, the extent of Arctic sea ice has been declining and reportedly, millions of square kilometers of sea ice have been lost due to increasing temperatures. Such disrupted Arctic climate patterns have led to increased wastage of the sun’s energy which norma lly has to be recycled back towards space, but with the ice melting at an unprecedented pace in the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean waters absorb most of the sun’s energy and this explains why the global average sea levels are increasing. Now, the rising sea levels is seen as one of the worst consequences of global warming brought on by rapidly melting ice caps which has led a large number of people to move away from the coastal areas and settle down somewhere else. The increase noted in the evapotranspiration rates due to the constant rise in global warming is

Lesson assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lesson assignment 1 - Essay Example How it is that cultural concept are said to be â€Å"natural†, specifically, how does Sapolsky suggest that human beings are more unique than other animals? How does culture â€Å"emerge† in group interaction rather than being genetic or simply learned? How did efforts to impose â€Å"civilized† and â€Å"more advanced† methods to rice cultivation fail in Bali? What lessons might you draw from Lansing’s research? One characteristic of culture is the fact that it is acquired and not inherited. This means that one can gradually acquire a culture irrespective of the geographical era of origin. One aspect that accompanies acquiring something such as a behavior is the fact that it happens involuntary. This means that one can assimilate a culture without knowing it. This has resulted in many people not being conscious of the culture they are embedded in resulting in negative consequences since they often develop behaviors that are negative in nature as a result of acquiring some cultures. This being the case it is of great essence to make people conscious about their culture. This is so since culture runs very deep. One way of making certain that people are conscious of the cultural system they are immersed into, is making them compare themselves with people who belong to the same cultural system. People who belong in the same to cultural system often possess identical values especially when it comes to ethics and morality. When one asks someone to compare their character with that of others in the same cultural setting then they will be able to know that they fit in to the same society since they will notice some similarities. Although culture is not inherited asking someone to trace their roots helps in making them conscious about their culture since people often acquire cultures that surround them. This is the reason why family members often belong to the same cultural

Teligius Reformation, Europe and Martin Luther Essay

Teligius Reformation, Europe and Martin Luther - Essay Example Luther’s main contention was that Christians need to be saved through faith and not their actions or repentance. He subsequently initiated a series of reforms in the Church through his prolific writings across Europe. His famous words, ‘only blood turns the wheels of history’ was uttered when he believed that bloodshed in war has become important part of history and reforms within the Church are needed for peace. These words become highly pertinent because the 100 years of war between France and England were highlighted by total disregard for the welfare of the common man and focused on establishing the supremacy of English Monarchy over France. The unnecessary bloodshed must have been the major reason for Luther to say those words in anguish and his beliefs that individual greed for power often ‘turns the wheels of history’. Indeed, the Church’s support to the Crown and exoneration of their sins through repentance and confession was seen as wr ong by Luther. He strongly believed that faith alone should have been the major objective of man’s actions and one should therefore be reaping the results of his/her actions as such. Martin Luther’s writings were the basis for Protestant reformation in Europe during sixteenth century. He was born on 10 November, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany to a miner’s family. ... ‘Only blood turns the wheels of history’ could have another interpretation: Luther, probably saw that personal sacrifices and reforms within the Church could also become vital inputs for making history rather than bloodshed based on vested interests of some human-beings. Martin Luther’s interpretation of Bible was more radical than the traditional papal’s version. It started the most important religious revolution that offered the common man to choose between the traditional Catholic Christianity or Protestant Christianity that was inspired by the reforms suggested by Luther. Luther was aghast at the seemingly corrupt practices of Catholics clergy who use to ‘sell’ indulgences. He believed that good actions of people would have no relevance until they believed in the goodness of the Lord. Thus according to him, faith superseded any actions. On the other hand, Catholic beliefs that actions can be repented and fate of believers could be revered i f they followed rituals etc. Indulgences were primarily Catholic doctrines that sought forgiveness of one’s sins through buying indulgences from church through donation etc. which were subsequently used by Church to meet its expenses. Luther compared them to common trade practices and said that indulgences could only reduce time in purgatory as sinners could have some stored merits. His 95 Theses is a comprehensive discourse on the corruption of indulgence system and how it defiles the basic doctrine of religion which fundamentally relies on faith and supremacy of God. He believed that Christian Clergy, including Pope has no authority to redeem the sins of individuals and exempt him/her from purgatory. Path to purgatory could have been one of the reasons for Luther to say that

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Impact on the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790 The French government completed its subordination of the Roman Catholic Church in France on July 12, 1790. The National Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This was a culmination of events of the Catholic Church meeting opposition from the French government. The Catholic Church already faced the abolishment of tithes as well as nationalization of all property they used for revenue in 1789. Leading up to the actual Civil Constitution, monastic vows were forbidden. Only ecclesiastical orders that dealt with children and nursing the sick were kept intact, all others were dissolved. Motivations for these changes to the French Catholic Church are questionable. They could have been sparked by the French governments impending bankruptcy, or the tithes systems abuse. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a dramatic reorganization of the clergy. The number of bishops was drastically decreased from one hundred and thirty five to eighty three. Each of the new bishops and priests were required to be elected locally by their constituents, removing the popes authority over the clergys appointment. Under the Civil Constitution, the bishops and priests had to swear an oath of loyalty to the new order and the Constitution. Title II, Article XXII of the Civil Constitution states, â€Å"The bishop elect shall take a solemn oath in the presence of the municipal officers, of the people, and of the clergy to guard with care the faithful of his diocese who are confided to him, to be loyal to the nation, the law, and the king, and to support with all his power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly and accepted by the King†[1]. This swearing of the oath caused great debate. Pope Pius VI refused to accept any provisions of the Civil Constitution. Louis XVI sent numerous letters to the pope complaining that he had to publicly accept the Civil Constitution. He suggested that the Pope Pius VI appease the National Assembly and accept a few articles. On December 26, 1790, Louis XVI granted his public assent despite the Popes acceptance because of pressure from the National Assembly. The next month, administrations of the oath began, drastically diminishing the numbers of the clergy. Half of the clergy and only seven of the preexisting bishops swore an oath of loyalty. A schism was created within the Catholic Church as Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. One side of the split took the oath and was known as the constitutional clergy. Those that agreed with the Popes denouncement became non jurors or refractory priests; they faced dismissal, deportation, and death for their actions. To understand more upon the impact of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on the French Catholic Church one examined a few books on the subject. The first was published in 1986 by the Princeton University Press. Timothy Tackett wrote Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791, a four hundred and twenty five page book. Tackett is an American historian specializing in the French Revolution; he has published a few books on different aspects of religion in the French Revolution. This particular book focuses on explaining the geography of oath taking in France, which regions were most likely to take the oath and why. In Timothy Tacketts Religion, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791, he makes convincing arguments that many have come to respect and others that have yet to be confirmed. Tackett is able to accomplish this through his use of vast archival and printed sources. In arguing his thesis, geography of oath taking, he argues that the clergys ideology, their beliefs, denominational influences, and constituency influences, is the most important deciding factor. Tackett finds that reactions to the oath usually varied depending on the region. In an area where protestant enclaves were present, it was more than likely that the local clergy would be opposed to the oath. On the other hand, in areas where there was a presence of local Jansenism or the Cures opposed Episcopal power, he found that the local clergy tended to take the oath. Tackett understands that no argument is a strong argument without acknowledgement of the opposition. With that said, it was only right for him to mention other possible influences on the reactions to the oath. Other minor influences on the regional reactions to the oath could have also been attitudes towards the Revolution, age and social origin of the bishops. According to Tackett social origin is defined as cultural and political distance from the center of France. When discussing the importance of the Oath, Tackett says, â€Å"[it is] one of those very particular kinds of historically happenings, with the potential for sharply jolting the whole historical landscape†[2]. He did not believe that the Oath of 1791 was the only shaping factor of Frances rich history. In addition to the oath, he also credits the Churchs role in society as well as the relationship between Church and State to be the reason for the laicite seen in modern day France. Tackett comes to this conclusion by the uncanny coincidence between the regions reactions to the oath and religious practices divided by areas. Timothy Tacketts book was a helpful source in the area of clear analysis of the factors that played a role in the reactions to the Oath of 1791. Through this analytical work, the reader is able to understand the impact of the oath and ultimately how it shaped France. While helpful in some areas, Tacketts book is lacking in synthesizing his analysis with a clear conclusion. This leaves issues of the development of Frances religious history unanswered. Some of the conclusions drawn were not fully developed and some times unclear, which gives the reader the idea that he may not have fully understood the entire concept or maybe his sources were lacking in these very areas. Tackett builds up his arguments to support his thesis on the geography of oath taking, but loses momentum. The next book studied was published in 1996 by Yale University Press. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791 is a three hundred and ninety page book written by Dale Van Kley. Van Kley is an American historian who is best known for this prize-wining book. His work has focused on the contributions that Augustinian theology made to the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. He is a professor of History at Ohio State University. In the Religious Origins, Van Kley explores the diverse religious strands of Jansenism that influence political events up to the revolution, claiming that the efforts to dechristianize the French state and citizens had long-term religious origins. Van Kley shows that French royal absolutism was a product and then a casualty of religious conflict using a wealth of primary sources. He studies a great number of individual bishops and clergy, their views, and sympathies. The relevant religious conflict that he discusses is the Jansenism- related conflicts in the eighteenth century that helped to â€Å"desacralize† the monarchy along with the French Catholic clergy. This conflict was a direct contribution to the revolution because it led to parties that were of a political and religious nature. The Patriot party was a successor to the Jansenist party. The rhetoric of such parties affected the content of the revolutionary political culture. The Civil Constitution â€Å"eliminat[ed] the clergy itself as a visibly independent corps, this ideological combination hastened the interiorization of religion and the states monopolization of public functions, a tendency long evident in judicial Jansenism itself†[3]. Before the c lergy had a role in public functions, but Jansenism supported this separation of religion into the private sphere and government control of the public sphere that was made by the Civil Constitution. Van Kley, indebts the revolutionary political culture to the varieties of French Catholicism. It was strongly influenced by the struggle between rival notions of the good society. The ultra-montanist Catholicism of the Jesuits supported the sacral monarchy. However, the Jansenists favored a contractual political order. â€Å"Jansenists could have congratulated themselves that the Civil Constitution enforced Episcopal residence, instituted clerical elections, nearly nullified papal influence†¦ banished arbitrary government†[4]. The Jansenists defense of a contractual political order over a sacral monarchy seems to have led to these provisions of the Civil Constitution. This source was less helpful in exploring the topic, because it was narrowly focused. Van Kleys attitude was obviously prejudiced against the Jesuits, as he portrayed them as the leaders of sacral monarchy and the Jansenist oppression. He describes Jansenist opposition and criticism of Catholicism. His interpretation of religions influence on the French revolution was extremely limited; however, he should be praised for shedding light on the importance of religion in the French revolution. He adds a major strand to the debate on the origins of the French Revolution. Despite, its innovative addition, Van Kley limits his focus to the Jansenists role as the chief force behind opposition the French monarchy. He states, â€Å"Some if not all of the content of the Civil Constitution was the culmination of a century of Jansenist efforts at ecclesiastical reform†[5]. Jansenist position seems to be of exaggerated importance. He also seems to leave out the Catholic features of Jansenism , and more likens them to Calvinists. He demonstrates how Jansenism inspired a radical Calvinist break with Catholic discourse and worship. This book was a tough reading, with much material through primary sources. However, its focus on Jansenism serves more as giving another side to the traditional story rather than convincing many of religions influence in the French Revolution. Nigel Aston wrote four hundred and thirty five pages on the Religion and Revolution in France, 1780 1804. Aston is Reader in History at the University of Leicester. This book is a comprehensive survey of the religious history of France from the eve of the Revolution through the early years of the nineteenth century. Using a vast array of secondary materials and printed sources, Aston creates a comprehensive survey of the religious history of France. He begins his text with discussing the special privileges of the Catholic clergy as well as the principles of Gallicanism, Jansenism, and Richerism, the strains of Catholicism that would fuel the revolt of the lower clergy against the bishops of the Estates General. There were deep social and economic divisions within the clergy. Aston also notes the religious diversity in France. He writes, Geography is crucial[6] when discussing the variations in clerical density, religious fervor, and ecclesiastical revenues from province to province. Aston also includes information on the treatment alongside male clergy of women in religious orders. His second chapter analyzes the diverse beliefs and practices of the clergy and laity. He felt the French laity remained overwhelmingly attached to the Catholic faith and practice†[7]. He is rejecting the idea t hat the French populace showed signs of secularization and questions the thesis of a â€Å"desacralization† of the monarchy. Aston also includes a chapter on other denominations in the late Old Regime. The second part of his book focuses on the relationship between religion and Revolution, exclusively on Catholicism and builds on his earlier work. He blames the leaders of the Constituent Assembly for the terrible religious divisions which marked the Revolutionary period. Events would have taken a more moderate course and scores of thousands of lives would have been saved[8]if the oath was not required. Also, if the leaders would have permitted the convocation of a National Council of the French clergy to ratify the revolutionary reorganization a less radical course would have been taken. Instead the Civil Constitution of the Clergy led to a break in the church by forcing clergy to choose between the church and the state. Faced with what was crudely reduced to a stark choice between religion and revolution, half the adult population rejected revolution[9]. The last relevant section of the book focuses on the aftermath of the Civil Constitution and the official policy of dechristianization. Most native French had no choice but to put up with the changes imposed by urban-based politicians; the non compliant risked death by their determination not to abandon their Christian faith[10]. Other chapters in this section focused on how anticlericalism triggered European opposition to the Revolution more than the decision to kill Louis XVI. He also explored the Constitutional Church and Catholic opponents of the Revolution. Aston was a helpful source as it seemed to cover all aspects of religion and the French Revolution. Its broad coverage treated Protestants and Jews alongside the Catholics. This is unique as the term religion when regarding the revolution is conflated with Catholicism in most studies. This book was very readable striking a balance between synthesis and detail. However, some of Astons conclusions lack strength because opposing stances were omitted. For instance, his sole blame on the leaders of the Assembly for the schism created by the Civil Constitution underestimates the impact of Pope Pius VI. The pope was uncompromising and rejected the Civil Constitution as well as the ideals of the revolution. When researching this topic, I would have to first seek Astons source to inform me. The comprehensive study was so helpful in getting a whole understanding of the subject. Although, he did underestimate Pope Pius VIs influence in the break between the French Catholic Church, he did bring up elements not previously discussed. However he did have the benefit, of having publications such as Tacketts to elaborate upon, as well as John McManners short synthesis of 1968. From a non expert point of view this book was very readable, and had much detail and evidence to back conclusions. It explained the atmosphere before, during, and after the Civil Constitution which is useful in figuring out the implications of the Civil Constitution. However, I wouldnt use Van Kleys book again. It was least helpful in giving a whole explanation on the impact of the Civil Constitution on the French revolution. It was very one-sided, and the information was hard to understand. Only experts, with a firm knowledge on the religious influences of the Revolution would benefit from reading this source, as they would be able to understand his point of view. However, Van Kley must receive credit for being a pioneer in his subject. His work influenced many works that came after that had information on Jansenism. I just did not receive the full picture of the Civil Constitutions impact and how other denominations were concerned. More synthesis needs to be done on this topic to really get the full gist of the importance of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Van Kleys view should be incorporated with the main historical narrative of the impact of the Civil Constitution and not disregarded as Jansenism focused and therefore irrelevant. Also Pope Pius VIs influence needs to be studied. Instead of trying to argue the importance of one side of the debate, each aspect that had an impact needs to be dissected and expanded upon. More analysis of primary sources and empirical data will only be helpful to the subject. Reading these three books by Tackett, Van Kley, and Aston is a great start in understanding the impact of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Bibliography Aston, Nigel. Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2000. Perry, Jonathan. â€Å"The Civil Constitution of the Clergy.† Hanover Historical Texts Project. 2001. Nov 16 2009. . Tackett, Timothy. Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Van Kley, Dale. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. [1] Perry, Jonathan. â€Å"The Civil Constitution of the Clergy.† Hanover Historical Texts Project. 2001. Nov 16 2009. . [2] Tackett, Timothy. Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. pg. vx. [3] Van Kley, Dale. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. pg. 362 [4] IBID. pg. 353 [5] Van Kley, Dale. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. pg. 336. [6] Aston, Nigel. Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2000. pg. 48. [7] IBID. pg. 56. [8] IBID. pg. 161. [9] Aston, Nigel. Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2000. pg. 162. [10] IBID. pg. 194.

Air Resistance, Tyres And Friction :: essays research papers

Dragsters use a combination of large wide tyres or the rear and small narrow tyres on the front this combination is used for the following reasons: The front wheels: The front wheels are very narrow. This is so a minimum of air resistance or drag affects the dragster with lower drag better acceleration an in turn a better top speed can be achieved all leading to a better pass (race time). Now lets try to understand the concept of air resistance and drag. A basic example is placing your hand out the window with your palm facing forwards as you are driving your car along at about sixty kilometres per hour. You will feel a strong force of the wind (air resistance) pushing back at your hand. Now turn your hand side or so that your little finger is facing the front and your thumb is facing the rear at the same speed. The force of air resistance exerted on your hand is greatly reduced. This force is similar as to that exerted on the front wheels of the dragster. Now dragsters reach speeds of up to five hundred kilometres per hour, imagine the force needed to hold your hand against the wind if your palm was facing the front. It would be much easier to hold your hand side on. The same as it would be much easier for the dragsters engine to push the narrow front wheels compared to large ones. Air resistance is a form of friction (namely fluid friction) a friction from the air, as we know friction is defined as a force that opposes movement. The formula used to determine aerodynamic drag is as follows: Drag = 0.5 * rho * Cd * v2 * S Aerodynamic drag is a function of the following: rho is the air density, which we cannot change. v2 is velocity squared which is endeavoured to be maximized for the best time and/or pass. S is the frontal or cross sectional area which we want to minimize. I.e. less frontal area means that a less significant amount of air resistance impedes the top speed and acceleration. Cd is the coefficient of drag, which we want to minimize. So the two things with which can be worked with or changed, the frontal area and coefficient of drag, both of which need to be to minimized for the best results. Having very narrow front wheels minimizes the frontal area.

Optimistic Journey

Our country Is not perfect nor do many of the people around you see the optimistic side in the united States of America. On the other hand we, united States citizens, have so many opportunities and should be optimistic. In my eyes people are being prepared for all the negative things that are going to occur, and do not see how incredible our nation is.The other day we found out that our government had shut down because both parties couldn't come to an agreement to settle money situations. Most people saw this to be ridiculous and something that should not had happened. Yes this is an unfortunate obstacle our country faced but on the other hand there were many uplifting contributions people had done. For example Chris Cox went to Washington DC and gathered people to clean the memorials and how a Phoenix food bank gave lad to workers affected by Grand Canyon being closed.Personally I'm not very Intrigued by the government, but I am optimistic about the new advancements In technology, w hich also leads us to new medical cures and procedures created for people living longer, which branches out with many positive advantages to be living in America. With tons of new technology being improved and invented now for the future, it creates a wanting sensation for people being interested to know the new advancement.Whether it's the phone c or new x-ray machinery to find a clearer look at bones, people will be optimistic for the future. By 2020 there will be over hundreds of new technologies, not to mention the United States will have a whole new tank mechanism for our soldiers fighting in war. The new technology brings on new experiences and less hardships In America, because there will be more assurance that the people are safe. Everything Is becoming more and more convenient for our everyday life styles and how Is that not exciting.Our countries opportunities for new technology are extraordinary, and so are our medical advancements and improvements. With new technologies brings on new medical advantages. â€Å"Humans by 2050 will have a life expectancy of 89-94 years old compared to the life expectancy now which is 83-85 years old. † (Cox). Who doesn't want to live longer! I surely do. There is other evidence that medical technology will be created because day by day doctors and scientist are experimenting to have cures for some types of cancer.By 2018 there possibly will be a cure to prostate cancer. Today 29,720 men die a year from this devastating disease, which is very unfortunate. Possibly In the future your son, father, or grandpa will be able to survive from such a awful disease that changes people's lives, because there will be a treatment to cure his cancer. Death is scary and we try to safe people's lives every day and that Is the reason to be optimistic about our future because people will be able to live longer with new medical advancements our every day lives.Not only do the hundreds of advancements help Just the United States bu t it gives us the opportunities for third world countries to have some of the fortunate advantages that we take for granite. For instance an estimated 1,000 children in India die every day due to disease caused by polluted water but with the help of America, that number can drop extremely because of our advancements in technology and medical treatments. We should be very fortunate that we live in such a brilliant country with many unique people that bring United States of America together as a one whole.

Save Content In Your Unscheduled Bin To Organize Better

Save Content In Your Unscheduled Bin To Organize Better Sometimes there are just those projects you need to write notes about and table them for later. Other times, you might  put too many projects on your marketing calendar and need to put them on hold until you have more time. And then there are those folks who just like a clean marketing calendar without content on it unless theyre actively working on it to nail a hard deadline. Well, if you fall into any of those three categories, youre going to love the newest feature in : The content drafts bin. Woohoo! makes planning content even easier while not attached to my marketing calendar!Put Any Content Project On Hold This feature allows you to create any type of content you want- an e-book, video, webinar, etc.- and easily move it off your calendar. Youll  still retain all of your comments and tasks so you dont lose any of the work you put into your projects. Work On Projects In Draft Mode Now you can also work  on projects in draft mode and then schedule them on your calendar as you near your publish date. No More Draft Clutter Taking Over Your WordPress Do you hate having needless drafts in your WordPress?  Now you can start all of your posts as draft content first before exporting from into your WordPress. The content drafts bin works for however you create content- s custom editor, Evernote, and Google Docs. Just use one of these methods first, then use to magically turn your content into a WordPress post. Never Lose Another Awesome Content Idea The content drafts bin also serves as an awesome ideas bin. Again, any drafts here wont clutter up your WordPress- so never lose another awesome content idea again! And once youre ready, you can simply drag the unscheduled content right onto your marketing calendar. Good luck as you get started! Youre awesome.

Yuan Dynasty Emperors List - Chinese Emperors

Yuan Dynasty Emperors List - Chinese Emperors The Yuan Dynasty in China was one of the five khanates of the Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan. It ruled most of the modern day China from 1271 to 1368.  Genghis Khans grandson, Kublai Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Each Yuan emperor also served as the Great Khan of the Mongols, meaning that the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate answered to him (at least in theory). Mandate of Heaven According to official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty received the Mandate of Heaven even though it was not ethnically Han Chinese. This was true of several other major dynasties in Chinese history, including the Jin Dynasty (265 - 420 CE) and the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912). Although the Mongol rulers of China adopted some Chinese customs, such as the use of the Civil Service Exam system based on the writings of Confucius, the dynasty maintained its distinctly Mongol approach to life and lordship. Yuan emperors and empresses were famous for their love of hunting from horseback, and some of the early Yuan era Mongol lords evicted Chinese peasants from their farms and turned the land into horse pastures. The Yuan emperors, unlike other foreign rulers of China, married and took concubines only from within the Mongol aristocracy. Thus, to the end of the dynasty, the emperors were of pure Mongol heritage. Mongol Rule For almost a century, China flourished under Mongol rule. Trade along the Silk Road, which had been interrupted by warfare and banditry, grew strong once again under the Pax Mongolica. Foreign traders flowed into China, including a man from far-off Venice called Marco Polo, who spent more than two decades in Kublai Khans court. However, Kublai Khan over-extended his military power and the Chinese treasury with his military adventures overseas. Both of his invasions of Japan ended in disaster, and his attempted conquest of Java, now in Indonesia, was equally (although less dramatically) unsuccessful. The Red Turban Rebellion Kublais successors were able to rule in relative peace and prosperity until the end of the 1340s.  At that time, a series of droughts and floods produced famine in the Chinese countryside. People began to suspect that the Mongols had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Red Turban Rebellion began in 1351, drawing its members from the hungry ranks of the peasantry, and would end up overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty in 1368. The emperors are listed here by their given names and khan names. Although Genghis Khan and several other relatives were posthumously named emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, this list begins with Kublai Khan, who actually defeated the Song Dynasty and established control over greater China. Borjigin Kublai, Kublai Khan, 1260-1294Borjigin Temur, Temur Oljeytu Khan, 1294-1307Borjigin Qayshan, Qayshan Guluk, 1308-1311Borjigin Ayurparibhadra, Ayurparibhadra, 1311-1320Borjigin Suddhipala, Suddhipala Gegeen, 1321-1323Borjigin Yesun-Temur, Yesun-Temur, 1323-1328Borjigin Arigaba, Arigaba, 1328Borjigin Toq-Temur, Jijaghatu Toq-Temur, 1328-1329 and 1329-1332Borjigin Qoshila, Qoshila Qutuqtu, 1329Borjigin Irinchibal, Irinchibal, 1332Borjigin Toghan-Temur, Toghan-Temur, 1333-1370

Key Factors of Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Key Factors of Leadership - Assignment Example Technology has transformed healthcare organizations into networks, and large companies are increasingly made up of people running small business units. A leader with change management skills means someone who can successfully steer a team, department or healthcare organization through any kind of metamorphosis. Disruptive innovations are changing the business landscape overnight and knocking market leaders out of position for failing to better understand and manage the evolution of their business. Leaders need not only to look after their own employees but also the suppliers and competitors who are seen as stakeholders and need to be managed differently.The Nature of Changeâ€Å"Change† is the popular word these days especially in healthcare organizations. It may be described as radical change, or frame-breaking change, incremental change or frame-bending change (Kolb, 1992). To achieve change in healthcare organizations, leaders adopt different strategies. These may be forced -coercion, rational persuasion or shared power strategies. A force-coercion strategy uses legitimacy, rewards, and/or punishments as primary inducements to change. Whereas, in rational persuasion strategy; the leader attempts to bring about change with special knowledge, empirical support, or rational arguments (Kolb,1992) In shared power strategy for change accommodation, the leader actively and sincerely involves other people who will be affected by a change in planning and making key decisions in respect to it. It is sometimes also called normative-re-educative strategy. Any change must bring a different corporate culture and therefore different expectations from the employees in terms of their behaviour and working attitudes. It encompasses all factors of corporate culture. A corporate culture may be defined as "the underlying assumptions, beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations shared by the members of a healthcare

Different languages in the united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Different languages in the united states - Essay Example Spanish is ranked second after English, among spoken languages of United States. French comes third, and after these million of Americans speak  German, Italian, Chineese, Urdu, regularly.  There are two counties, where Navaho speakers are in highest concentration and Yupik speakers in one out of total thirty-five. US English Foundation Inc. reported 322 languages are spoken in the United States; among that English is the most common language. There are more than two Billions English speakers. Among all Americans, 96% are well versed with English. If languages are arranged alphabetically it starts from Abnaki to Zuni, whereas in order English, Spanish, French, Chinese, German is the most common language of United States. In numbers, it is found. Eight languages have a speaker more in 1 Million, 13 languages have a speaker in 0.5 Million and around 38 languages have a speaker in 0.1 Million. Furthermore, only English and Spanish are the languages spoken by +1 percent of total Amer ican population. California is the state where 207 different languages are spoken, whereas 169, 163, 145, 138,135,134, 132,130, and 129 different languages are spoken in New York, Washington, Texas, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey and Arizon respectively. Wyoming is the state where fewest languages are spoken in United States ("Languages in America "). ... Urdu, Punjabi, Gujratic, Hindi, Iranian, and Greek languages are also placed in this category. 3. Asian and pacific Island languages Chinese; Korean; Japanese; Vietnamese; Hmong; Khmer; Lao; Thai; and Tagalog is put in Asian and P Island languages. Furthermore, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam; Philippine, Polynesian, and Micronesian are also placed in this division. 4. Others All other languages named above are grouped in this category.  Ã‚  Uralic languages (such as Hungarian), the Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew, etc.), languages of Africa, and N North, South and Central America, etc. are placed in this class. English, Spanish, French, German, Chinese, etc. is the most common immigrant language in the United States. English is the most common language of the United States. However, it is not the official language, instead of many recommendations of making English its native language.  Ã‚  American English is the title given to the diversity of English spoken in the United States; an d when it amalgamates with the Canadian English it makes up the group of languages known as North American English. Spanish is the second most spoken language in United States, because of rapid growth in their population, especially in the United States.  United States  is considered  as the  fifth largest population where Spanish is spoken. In all, 2,725 of the 3,141 counties (86.8 percent) in the United States had English and Spanish as their first and second most common languages – 2,690 with English first and Spanish second and 35 with Spanish first and English second. Frequency of Germany spoken is alternative to Spanish in the United States. It is the